US Army Spc. Angel Mendoza, assigned as a space aggressor operator to the 527th Space Aggressor Squadron, Schreiver Air Force Base, Colo., secures a helical antenna to a gravel pad adjacent to the flight line Aug. 8, 2016, during RED FLAG-Alaska (RF-A) 16-3, at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. Along with two modems and an amplifier, space aggressors at RF-A 16-3 interrupt GPS systems for navigation and weapons, which pilots use during the exercise designed to simulate the first 10 combat sorties of a surge operation or conflict.
In a large, tin-roofed warehouse near Colorado’s Rocky Mountains, members of a team of modern space warriors spend their days hatching plots to defeat the US military in extraterrestrial combat.
They’re called Space Aggressors.
Their job is to act like the enemy during mock space battles to help US units prepare for a conflict that may one day extend into the cosmos.
“We play the bad guys,” said Captain Christopher Barnes, chief of training for the 26th Space Aggressor Squadron. “Our job is to not only understand the different types of threats and potential enemies, but also to be able to portray them and replicate them for the good guys, our Air Force.”
The 26th and 527th Space Aggressor Squadrons are headquartered in a two-story warehouse at Colorado’s Schriever Air Force Base, stocked with advanced radio and satellite equipment and nicknamed “the barn.” Behind the building, antenna dishes trace the sky.
While attacks by the Space Aggressors are simulated, senior US military and intelligence officials warn the threat in space is very real.
America relies heavily on space assets to project force around the globe, from launching missiles to directing warships across the seas. Indeed, the Global Positioning System, or GPS, is actually a group of 31 high-orbiting satellites owned by the US government and operated by the US Air Force.
Some worry that disrupting America’s vast network of satellites and ground-based systems could send US forces back to an antiquated era of targeting, communications, and navigation systems — deeply undercutting battlefield superiority.
This spring, rhetoric from US military officials about the need to bolster American defensive position, and even offensive capabilities, in space has ratcheted up amid concern that Russia and China are rapidly developing anti-satellite weapons.
“While we’re not at war in space, I don’t think we could say we’re exactly at peace, either,” Vice Admiral Charles Richard, Deputy Commander of U.S. Strategic Command, known as Stratcom, told a conference in Washington DC in March. “We must prepare for a conflict that extends into space.”
In his remarks, Vice Admiral Richard pointed to press reports that “China is developing an arsenal of lasers, electro-magnetic rail guns, and high-powered microwave weapons to neutralize America’s intelligence, communications, and navigations satellites.”
In April, Stratcom Commander General John Hyten told a Senate committee hearing that in addition to bolstering defenses, “we have to build an offensive capability to challenge their capabilities in space as well.”
In that hearing, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) asked General Hyten to assess the threat to America’s space assets from countries like Russia and China.
“It is significant and it is growing,” Hyten replied. “You have to ask yourself why we have adversaries that are building weapons in space, weapons that can deploy into space, weapons that can jam our satellites, weapons that can jam GPS. Why are they building that entire infrastructure? It is not because they are interested in the peaceful use of outer space. It is because they are looking to threaten the United States.”
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The Space Aggressors aim to simulate attacks a real adversary might use, so US forces can practice overcoming them.
“We study threats to the space realm, either coming from space or based on land,” said Captain Barnes. “If we can’t directly replicate them with hardware, then we figure out if there’s a software solution or some way we can train people to the point where they can fight through them, if they have to, in a conflict.”
One tactic Space Aggressors are known to employ is called “brute force jamming,” which involves sending powerful signals over satellite networks to garble the original message.
Many details of their operations, however, remain secret.
The 527th Space Aggressors Squadron and 26th Space Aggressors Squadron emblems are painted side by side on doors inside the Space Aggressors’ facility at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado.
Credit: US Air Force/2nd Lt. Darren Domingo
“Some people think space is an Achilles heel for the US, and that if we were to lose our capabilities in space, we may not be able to fight through,” said the Space Aggressors’ Captain Barnes. “But the better we can train folks, the better they’re going to be able to go out there and prove that despite one or another asset falling away, our guys on the ground, jointly, can still fight through and win the day.”
In addition to wargaming in a contested space environment, US troops are also training to fight without access to space — in case one day they have to.
Six years ago, the Air Force held a study called “A Day Without Space” at the Nellis Air Force Base in southern Nevada that sought to replicate what would happen if American forces were deprived of satellite communications and global positioning data.
“It was not good,” General Hyten told the Senate. “We were not ready to do that.”
Following the study, the military “relearned” techniques for fighting without access to GPS or satellites — using alternate tools like “inertial navigation systems,” which don’t need orbiting reference points, and even compasses and maps, Hyten said.
The Department of Defense has spent at least $22 billion in recent years “to defend and improve the resiliency of our assets in space and put potential adversary space systems at risk,” former US Secretary of Defense Ash Carter wrote in a memo to President Barack Obama prior to the end of the administration’s term.
In April, the Air Force announced it would create a new position for a three-star general to serve as advisor to the Air Force Secretary and Joint Chiefs of Staff on space issues — effectively, a space war czar.
In the same month, the Pentagon gave the Joint Interagency Combined Space Operations Center, which went by the confusing handle JICSpOC, a shorter and more descriptive title: the National Space Defense Center.
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The military also announced a new initiative aimed at deepening defense partnerships in space with US allies known as the Multinational Space Collaboration effort.
That new measure will “explore methods for increased sharing, cooperation, and collaboration to preserve the safety of spaceflight, and enhance mutual security,” Stratcom said in a statement in April.
The first foreign liaison officer, from Germany, is expected to join the initiative at the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California this summer. Meanwhile, back in Colorado, the Space Aggressors continue to wage simulated space war to help US troops prepare for a real one.
“I want them to be able to fight through the environment,” said Captain Barnes. “The hardest part of doing this job is that you don’t really want to win.”
Originally published on Seeker .
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